Recent Survey of IBS, HIV,
TB, Uterus Cancer in Rural and Urban Development Areas
Goli Venkateshwarlu*,E. Ragyanaik, G. Suma, Anasuri Santosh, Manaoranjan Sabat
Venkateshwara Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cherlapally, Nalgonda, AP
ABSTRACT:
Recently in government hospital we have investigated regarding
various ailments like HIV, TB, uterus cancer and so
on. Now days due to the stress conditions causes IBS it decreases the immune
system develops various symptoms such as frequent motion, headache, GIT disturbances. For every 10 persons 6 persons are
suffered with HIV. young generation
participate in sex with infected
female without protection, and with
reused syringes, blades, shaving knifes
produces for every 10 persons 4
persons suffering with
HIV infection and where as in case
of TB for every 10 person 3 persons suffering with TB. in case of uterus
cancer for every 10 persons 3 persons are
suffered with uterus cancer. This
whole assessment done in Government
Hospital, Gollaguda, Nalgonda
urban areas, AP. in case of remote areas
this ratios is in case of uterus cancer is more and as usually in case of IBS urban peoples are hugely
suffered Along with HIV case in remote
areas this ratio is high when compared with
urban areas.
KEY WORDS:
IBS, uterus cancer, HIV,
TB
INTRODUCTION:
The understanding of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has undergone
a rapid evolution with scientific advancement, but historically it was
recognized over 150 years ago. IBS is a common functional bowel disorder that
generates a significant health care burden and is the most commonly diagnosed
gastrointestinal condition. IBS as abdominal pain or the perceived symptoms
from these mechanisms consist of abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating,
diarrhea, and constipation[1-3]. Endometrial cancer is
the most common type of uterine cancer. Although the exact cause of endometrial
cancer is unknown, increased levels of estrogen
appear to play a role. Estrogen helps stimulate the buildup of the lining of
the uterus. Studies have shown that high levels of estrogen in animals result
in excessive endometrial growth and cancer.
Abnormal bleeding from the vagina, including bleeding between
periods or spotting/ bleeding after menopaus. Extremely long, heavy, or frequent episodes of vaginal bleeding
after age 40 Lower abdominal pain
or pelvic cramping. Thin white or clear vaginal discharge after menopause[4-8]. Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV have been closely
linked since the emergence of AIDS.
Worldwide, TB is the most common
opportunistic infection affecting HIV-seropositive
individuals, and it remains the most common cause of death in patients with
AIDS. HIV infection has contributed to a significant increase in the worldwide
incidence of TB. By producing a progressive decline in cell-mediated immunity,
HIV alters the pathogenesis of TB. The World Health Organization (WHO)
estimates that one third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium
tuberculosis [9-12],
resulting in an estimated nearly 9 million new cases of active TB in 2010.
Mechanism
for IBS and uterus cancer, HIV & TB diseases:
The diagnosis of IBS is traditionally based
on symptoms of recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least 3 days per month
in the previous 3 months, in association with two or more of the following:
improvement with defecation, an onset associated with a change in the frequency
of bowel movements, or an onset associated with a change in the form(appearance)of stool. In the past, it was generally
considered that the predominant pathophysiological
mechanisms in IBS were abnormalities intrinsic to the smooth muscle of the gut,
visceral hypersensitivity and central nervous system hypervigilance.
Brain dysfunction and abnormal interaction of the peripheral and central
nervous system are potential mechanisms causing hypersensitivity in IRS;
however, hypersensitivity and central nervous system dysfunction are not
ubiquitous in patients with IBS. Thus, although persistent nociceptive
mechanisms are activated in some patients, IBS is not “all in the head” in all
patients. There is a renaissance in the understanding of IBS: symptoms are not
specific to a single etiologic mechanism but are manifestations of several
peripheral mechanisms that perturb
motor and sensory functions. The harmful effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
are not due to any endo-toxins. It
due to tissue destruction by the host immune response. Cell mediated
immunity or Type4 hypersensitivity develops and T-lymphocytes and activated
macrophages and their products are accumulated. It is important to note that
all infected individuals do not develop tissue damage. Only 5% of the infected
persons develop active disease. The organisms may remain dormant for many years
and may be for the whole life of the patient. In later life of the individual
the infection may be re-activated to produce the disease. Viruses are
microscopic particles that act like parasitic agents. Viruses reproduce
themselves by integrating into the host cell and making viral copies. A virus
forms the genetic blueprint for the structure of the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV).
HIV is a retrovirus, which reverses the
usual flow of genetic information within the host cell. This allows the virus
to reproduce. HIV is both an acute, (symptoms of the disease are seen) and
latent (symptoms are not seen) virus. A retrovirus takes viral RNA and
transforms it into retroviral DNA. Then the viral DNA enters the host cell?s nucleus and integrates in
to the host chromosome. This causes rapid genetic changes within infected
people. HIV depletes the T4 cells, which are essential for immunity and
antibody production. HIV enters the T4 cells through three receptors: CD4,
CXCR4, CCR5.
Infected HIV cell
Treatment
and symptoms for IBS, uteruscancer, TB, The infected cells, which contain viral
RNA, are lined with envelope proteins that penetrate the lipid bilayer of the cell. Spikes protrude out from the envelop
capsule. The spikes consist of gp141 stem and gp120 protein, which is located
at the tip of the stem. The protein gp120 on the infected cells binds to the
co-receptor CCR5 on the T cells. This allows the virus to become physically
closer to the T cells. P24 is an antigen produced in response to HIV infection.
Increased levels of P24 show increased levels of virus.
Budding
stage of HIV Cell
HIV
diseases:
In case of Ibs
produces variety of symptoms like pain, bloating, constipation, and diarrhoea. Numerous different treatments have been attempted
in IBS patients. One interesting approach is the utilization of antibiotics
after assessment for small intestine bacterial overgrowth. Among with
other medication also used which are probiotics bifidobacterium, lactobacillus sachets are used for
protection of intestinal gutflora other microbial
helpful flora. In case of endometrial cancer Abnormal
bleeding from the vagina, including bleeding between periods or
spotting/bleeding after menopause. Extremely long, heavy, or frequent episodes
of vaginal bleeding after age 40. Lower abdominal pain or pelvic cramping. Thin white or clear vaginal discharge after menopause. Treatment for endometrial cancer Treatment options involve
surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Removal of the uterus (hysterectomy) may be done in women with the early stage 1
uterine cancer. Removal of the tubes and ovaries (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy)
is also usually recommended.
Successful
treatment for drug-sensitive TB generally requires 6 months of therapy. The
first 2 months of treatment is often referred to as the intensive phase, and
typically entails the use of 4 drugs--rifampin (or
other rifamycin), INH, pyrazinamide,
and ethambutol--followed by 4 months (called the
continuation phase) with rifampin and INH alone Treatment
duration is extended to 9 months for patients with cavitary
disease at baseline, those with a positive culture after 2 months of treatment,
and those who did not receive pyrazinamide during the
first 2 months. Patients with evidence of drug resistance require a modified
regimen and, often, a more-lengthy course of treatment. for
treatment of hiv now adays
physicians prescribed the nevirapine and zudovidine, efaveremg.
Graphical representation of various diseases
status:
Various diseases assessed in Government General
Hospital. Nalgonda
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Received on 19.03.2014 Accepted on 30.03.2014
© Asian Pharma
Press All Right Reserved
Asian J. Pharm.
Res. 4(1): Jan.-Mar. 2014;
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